EXPRESSING CAPABILITIES
Expressing capabilities adalah ungkapan untuk menytakan kemampuan atau tindakmampuan.
1.        Present ability
Asking if someone is able to do something
-          Can you ……. ?
-          Are you good at ….. ?
-          is he able to …? / are you able to …. ?
-          are you capable of…… ?
-          do you know how to ……?
-          Do you think can ….?
-          Do you know anything about …?
-          Do you have the experience / qualification / ability to ….?
Saying you are able to do something
-          I can ….
-          I am able to ……
-          I know how to ….
-          I feel capable to …..
-          I might be able to ….
-          (yes) no problem ….
-          I would say I am able to …
-          I know something about …
-          I have the experiences about …
-          I am pretty good at the job …
-          I would say I am capable of …
-          ( I think ) I have the qualification / experience / ability to …….
Saying you are not able to do something
-          I cannot ….
-          I am hopeless at …..
-          I am not good at …
-          I have no idea how ….
-          I have no experience of …
-          No, I do not know how to …
-          I am not sure I can / know how to …
-          ( I am afraid ) I cannot cope ( with ) ….
-          I would not know where to begin / start …
-          I do not thing I have the qualification / experience / ability to …

2.        Past ability
Asking if someone was able to do something ( when you were young )
-          Could you …?
-          Where you good at …?
-          Was he able to …? / are you able to….. ?
-          Were you capable of …?
-          Did you know how to ….?
-          Did you think you could ….?
-          Did you know anything about …?
-          Did you have ability to ..?
Saying you were able to do something ( when I Was a girl )
-          I could …..
-          I was able to …
-          I knew how to ….
-          I was pretty good at the job …
-          I was capable of ….
-          I had ability to  ….
Saying you were not able to do something ( when I was a child )
-          I could not …
-          I hopeless at …
-          I was not good at …
-          No, I didn’t know how to …
-          I could not cope with …
Note :
Dalam menyatakan kemampuan, kita harus bias membedakan antara present ability ( menyatakan kemampuan sekarang ) dan past ability ( menyatakan kemmpuan masa lampau )
Complete this dialogue by using the expressions used for expressing capabilities!
Rita : hey sarah (1) …. You play guitar ?
Sarah : no, I didn’t know how to play it. Why do you ask it Rita ?
Rita : I want to study play guitar. I (2) …. Play it when I was child, but now I (3) ….
Sarah : why ?
Rita : because I ‘ve never excercised since long time ago.
Sarah : my brother (4) … play it. I usually see him while he plays it.
Rita : (5) … he teach me?
Sarah : I don’t know.


Capabilities expressions
To express the abilities to do something, we can use:
- can
- able / ability
- capable / capabilities
- know
- managed to
- have / has
example:
1. I can swim free style well ( can express capability in the present or future )
2. I can't either speak japanese or chinese ( the negative form of can may be written can't, cannot or cannot)
3. It could run  to 110 kilometers before ( the past form of can is could. it is used to express general ability in  the past)
4. I couldn't sing when I was little baby ( the negative form of could is couldn't or could not )
5. I'm able to take short hand ( be able to is also used to express capability, but can is more usual)
6. We will be able to have it done for you ( be able to is more commonly used in combination with other auxiliaries)
7. I was able to sing twenty songs an ours ( Was able to is used when someone managed to do something is one particular situation.

Expressing Desires
used : S + (Want, enjoy, like ) + not/ to V1
Example :
- I want to write a song
- Nita wants to go shopping at the hypermart
- The students want good mark in final test
- Doni wants a piano
- I'd like to read the new magazine
- I'll enjoy the music show room.



CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (CONDITIONAL TYPE 1)

Kalimat pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika syarat / kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.

Rumus conditional type 1
If + subject + present simple + subject (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple foam)

Examples:
1.    If I have money, I will buy a new car

2.    If you pass the exam, you can get present from your parents

3.    If mother gives me much pocket money, I’ll buy a new bag

4.    Shelva will come to shinta’s birthday party, if she invites her

5.    Hendra will go to the dentist if he has time

6.    If I have much money, I’ll treat you for lunch at the canteen

Notes:
1.    The sentences consist of two clauses, the main clause and the if clause
2.    The if clause gives a condition to the main clause. The condition is introduced with “if”, that is why it is called an if – condition is real in a sense that the conditional may actually happen in the future
3.    The main clause tell us the result if the conditional happens. It is called a result clause
4.    The main clause takes future tense, as in:
-          You will see krida loka conference room
-          It will take about five minutes
(notes: the use of other present modals is possible, such as: can or may)
5.    The if clause takes simple present tense, as in:
-          If you pas the hool
-          If you go there on foot
6.    The if clause can be initial or final position. When you put in the initial, don’t forget to put a coma (,)


Task
Complete the following sentences with the verb in the brackets
1.      If I have much money, I (travel) ………….. to Bali and Lombok
2.      I will call you if I (hane) ….. a cellphone
3.      You (be sick) …… if you do not eat
4.      Robi (watch) …… TV tonight if he has no homework
5.      I will attend the meeting if it …… (not rain)
6.      It’s too bad. Henny is not here. If she be …. Here we can continue
7.      We will go to puncak, if the weather (be) …. Nice tomorrow
8.      I (ask)… her to join with us if he has much time
9.      If I change ….. my address. I will let you know
10.  Simon will always answer my phone, if he (be) …. In his office








PREFERENCE
Preference
The sentence patterns, are:
1.    S + like + noun / V ing better than + noun/ Ving
2.    S + prefer + noun / Ving +  to +noun / V ing
3.    S + Would rather / ‘d rather + V1 + than + V1
4.    S + would rather + to + V1 + rather than +V1
5.    Rather than + V1 + S + would rather + to + V1
Example:
·      I like beef better than chicken
·      Dea prefers swimming to running
·      Naresh would rather leave early than wait for him
·      I would prefer to go traveling rather than stay at home
·      Rather than watch TV shanty would rather to listen the music
·      I like dancing better than singing
·      Candra likes playing golf better
·      Mother rather have a cup of tes than consuming junk food
Conditional type 1
It’s used to express the possible condition
Sentence pattern:
If clause / present (S + is, am, are / V1 + N, adj, adv )
Sub clause / present future (S + will + be / V1 + N, adj, adv)
Study the following example!
·      If mother gives me much money, I’ll buy a new bag
·      Shelva will come to shinta’s birthday party if she invites her
·      Hendra will go to dentist if he has time
·      If I have much money, I’ll treat you for lunch at the canteen
Notes:
1.    The sentences consist of two clauses, the main clause and the if clause
2.    The if clause gives a condition to the main clause. The condition is introduced with “if”, that is why it is called and if – condition clause. The condition is real in a sense that the condition may actually happen in the future.
3.    The main clause tells us the result if the condition happens. It is called a result clause
4.    The main clause takes future tense, as in:
·      You will see Krida Loka conference room
·      It will take about five minutes
(notes: the use of other present modals in possible, such as: can or may)
5.    The if clause takes simple present tense, as in:
·      If you pass the hall
·      If  you pass the hall
·      If you go there on foot
6.    The if clause can be in initial or final position. When you put in the initial, don’t forget to put a comma (,)

Make sentences using the preference in braket!
1.    I – milk – like – tea (better than )

2.    I – take  a rest – go for window shopping ( prefer )

3.    Lolita – writing – to reading ( prefers )

4.    I – apple – orange (would rather )

5.    Naufal – goes to school on foot – go by bike (rather than )

6.    Rani – stay at home – go out side in winter ( like)

7.    The children – play football – play spin ( like)

8.    Pedro – a technician – a teacher (would rather)

9.    Anton – goes to the cinema – stay at the home on Saturday evening (rather than)

10.    Gabriel sing a song – dance traditional dance ( would rather )

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